When the Lasimm project began in 2016, AM standards were in their early stages of development and particular standards for DED-Arc (also known as wire + arc AM) did not exist. Addressing the standards gap was a significant part of the project.

There was always a clear intention to contribute to the creation of AM-related standards from the proposal phase.  While no standards bodies were actively involved, the project partner European Welding Federation (EWF) serves as a liaison to many European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and ISO TCs. A 'Report on standardisation and pre-normative research (D6.2)' containing information on current AM standards was produced at the start of the project. Standards were established for each WP to guarantee that the project results met current standards at that time. This document served as the starting point for determining what gaps existed at the time and needed to be filled by standardisation actions throughout the project.  Lasimm partners ensured that project developments were recommended and subsequently integrated into new or under-development standards from the sixth to the 36th month. This alignment was accomplished through the standards bodies ISO, CEN, ASTM International, the American Welding Society, and the British Standards Institution. There was a strong emphasis on ISO and ASTM International, as these were the standardising bodies considered as most relevant by industry users.

The project primarily focused on AM standards and contributed to a total of 12 standards. The most notable of these were linked to D6.6:

• ISO/ASTM PWI 52926-1 Additive manufacturing – Qualification principles – Part 1: Qualification of machine operators for metallic parts production preliminary stage (00) (ISO/PWI stage),
• ISO/ASTM PWI 52926-5 Additive manufacturing – Qualification principles – Part 5: Qualification of machine operators for metallic parts production for DED-Arc preliminary stage (00) (ISO/PWI stage).

With regard to hybrid manufacturing (HM), the project contributed to the development of standards though technical reports and recommendations, the most notable being a recommendation to create a new liaison between ISO/TC 261 and ISO/TC 39 – Machine tools. This recommendation was made at an ISO/TC 261 plenary meeting in September 2019. ISO will assess the need and the resources available to develop standards in this area. Finally, a new ISO joint group was created with the aim of developing standards to qualify personnel involved in DED-Arc considering several materials and types of equipment used by industry.

The main standardisation outcomes of Lasimm led either to the creation of new joint CEN/ISO WGs or to preliminary work items, which ultimately led to the creation of new standards. Some of these outcomes were reached over the project's lifespan, while others were and will be suggested to various standardisation bodies as future work. In addition, a report titled "Standardisation recommendation document" (WP6, D6.6) was presented in the relevant Working Group (WG) and for Lasimm in the final (36th) month of the project, outlining the project's findings and contributions regarding standards that are being developed and potential new standards to be developed.

The mention of certification and standards in the call for proposals prompted the project to create standardisation as a specific activity as part of the WP on dissemination and exploitation from the very start. Some of the project partners had prior expertise with standardising and engagement with relevant TCs. However, overall standardising knowledge was limited. As a result, Deutsches Institut Fuer Normung E.V. (DIN) was involved in the project as an SDO to aid, training and to connect with TC 261 on AM. DIN was also in charge of developing a standards landscape to better understand what standards exist and where gaps need to be filled. According to the interviewed partners, for researchers with little experience in standardisation, it may be difficult to understand what is going on. In this case, it is vital to listen to and learn from Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) like DIN. Furthermore, if a researcher does not deal with standardisation, he or she may not actively seek training in it. Learning in practice is thus frequently in the form of learning on the job while carrying out projects. Finally, knowing standardisation also means knowing the ecosystem of stakeholders involved.

Liaisons have been formed with three TC 261 WGs during project implementation. Project members are permitted to contribute to WG meetings and participate in joint WGs. In addition to communicating with TC 261, DIN has been asked to establish connections with ongoing projects relating to design and data exchange. The project participants also received standardisation training from DIN. One particular issue arose was intellectual property protection. On one hand, open approaches are required for standardisation; on the other hand, protection is required. In this scenario, it is not so much about patents as it is about software (copyright) protection and possibly trade secrets. Two areas for developing standardisation activities are being investigated where there are gaps in standards. The first is related to digital technology, and the second is laser cladding, for which there is currently no standard.

The project has yet to produce standardised results such as CEN Workshop Agreement (CWAs). On a more positive note, the activities have resulted in the formation of new relationships, which will be useful for future standardisation and project efforts. As a result, these liaisons can be deemed a good output, even though there is still a long way to go towards a standard. There is a desire among project participants to have the opportunity to prolong the project with Horizon funding to account for the differences in timelines between standardisation processes and funded research and to allow enough resources for standardisation activities.

The BIO4EEB project contributes to the standardisation of bio-based insulation materials for enhancing the energy performance of buildings. Through its innovative approach, the project advances the development of bio-based materials such as Posidonia panels and bio-based polyurethane (BIO-PUR) insulation, focusing on circularity and sustainability. The project is aligned with key EU policies like the Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP) and aims to integrate circularity indicators into the construction sector. In doing so, BIO4EEB collaborates with standardisation bodies such as CEN/TC 350 and ISO/TC 323, contributing to the establishment of new standards that address environmental performance and circularity in construction. By developing high-performance bio-based materials that comply with stringent standards, BIO4EEB promotes the broader application of circularity principles in construction. This includes life cycle assessments (LCA), improving insulation properties, reducing embodied energy and CO2 emissions, and developing prefabricated façade systems. The project also contributes to the establishment of a digital platform for stakeholders to access knowledge and tools for improving decision-making regarding sustainable building renovation. This digital platform incorporates metrics and configurations derived from both real and virtual demonstration sites, enhancing the replicability of the solutions across the EU.

The EFPF project has undertaken standardization activities during its implementation in order to promote interoperability and support the development of new standards. Some of the specific standardization activities that were developed include drafting of documents for the CWA (common workshop agreement) 'European connected factory platform for agile manufacturing interoperability (EFPFInterOp)', which are listed in a dedicated project deliverable. The project did not encounter any significant risks or difficulties related to standardization activities, as the NSB (project partner) applied sound risk management and provided clear guidance on how to mitigate any potential risks. 

After the project's completion, the partners will continue to promote the CWA and the standard way of establishing federated platforms. Additionally, the project has produced deliverables such as the CWAs developed by the CEN-CENELEC workshop EFPFInterOp. 

To strengthen the links between research, innovation, and standardization in the future, it is important to raise awareness of existing standards. This can be done by making more people aware of the standards that are currently in place and reminding them that the standardization process is ongoing. Additionally, encouraging more collaborations between research, innovation and standardization organizations in order to promote research and innovation in a standard-compliant way can also be beneficial.

The project has shown how to integrate the architectural features of several platforms, and how to facilitate cross-platform business activities. The interoperable Data Spine is already constructed and will shortly be verified. By offering tools for data sharing, intelligence exchange, and process optimisation, the project increases the agility of the targeted value networks. A comprehensive federated platform is created by combining the traits of current platforms. Using the open-call mechanism, The Data Spine gives the federated platform an extensible component that enables the integration of other platforms and collaborative tools to be provided through a unified user experience. An ideal alignment between the EFPF tools and relevant standards is made possible by participation in standardisation committees developing standards for strategic areas, but it must be continually evaluated and updated. By participating in strategic standardisation groups, EFPF becomes more visible to important stakeholders and has easier access to information that is directly relevant to the project. The idea of a CEN Workshop Agreement as a deliverable for standardisation has directly benefited EFPF as an ecosystem of digital platforms.

The standardisation  made by QU4LITY were intended to assure proper development and support the growth of quality management and ZDM standards in particular, as well as other related clusters. This assignment is a component of work package 2's Autonomous Quality in ZDM: Vision and Specifications, which is tasked with examining the demands of stakeholders, the underlying platforms and technologies, as well as any necessary standards and interoperability requirements. The dissemination and standardisation contributions in WP9, which provide in-depth information on the current standardisation activities of the Standard Development and Standard Setting organisations, clusters, associations, and other relevant stakeholders, are completely aligned with the standardisation strategy and work in Task 2.4.  As the T2.4 leader, FHG made a significant contribution to the drafting of this Deliverable and was in charge of coordinating efforts pertaining to standards compliance, developing the T2.4 overall strategy, and coordinating and analysing the project's interoperability specification. Along with Task T9.2 experts, 

Task T2.4 coordinated this operation and exchanged the most recent findings from the standards research. Ultimately, Task 2.4 provided the following contributions to standardisation activities:
1. a set of ZDM specific requirements to verify standards compliance interoperability framework for industrial applications; as well as interoperability goals
2. standards compliance requirements on a ZDM Framework based on standards research regarding RAMI4.0 layers and classification of standards;
 

By the project's completion, QU4LITY pilots have complied with a total of 37 standards.

The project has a focus on standardization and aims to align with existing standards as much as possible in the development of the platform and the sharing of data and information. However, the project does not adhere to a specific standard or follow a strict standardization direction. Instead, the project collaborates with organizations that have experience in standardization, such as industry associations, like the European Factories of the Future Research Association (EFFRA). By working with these associations, the project can participate in standard-related working groups more easily, as opposed to the stricter rules and processes of SDOs. As part of the Digital Manufacturing Projects cluster under EFFRA, the project participates in CEN-CENELEC standardization workshops, including a workshop on ZDM terminology. The impact of the workshop on the project is expected to be minimal as ZDM is not directly related to the core goals of the project. Additionally, the project is involved in discussions about the emerging concept of product passports: it has provided input to the European Battery Association and the European Commission on the European Digital Product Passport. They also offered guidelines for circular economy dataspaces in a white paper for the Industrial Data Spaces Association and the OPEN DEI project.

Regarding standardization, the project anticipates that its efforts will result in contributions to the development of reference implementations for product passports and dataspaces for the circular economy. Additionally, the project expects to have an impact on the individual components of its digital platform that follow specific standards. By adhering to these standards, the project aims to improve the sustainability of the data on the platform, for example, in areas such as life cycle assessment and predictive asset management. Overall, these inputs on standardisation will help to improve the efficiency and interoperability of the developed digital platform. With respect to its standardization activities, the project has identified the following elements of good practice:
 

• Including an SDO in the consortium or, if not, a partner with strong connections to SDOs. This is crucial for successful standardization work, as it allows the project to work on the target standards in a focused and effective way and eliminates the need for extensive exploratory processes for understanding the relevant standardization processes and establishing the required connections;
• Focusing on a limited number of standards (e.g. one or two). This is essential for being effective given the limited standardization resources typically available in EU-funded projects.
• The project highlighted the importance of focused work on specific standards instead of trying to engage with too many standards and SDOs;
• Ensuring regular bilateral communication between the project and the SDO throughout the project's life cycle. This is important for addressing the challenges associated with aligning project timelines with the standardization process;
• Given the vast number of technology-related standards, projects would greatly benefit from services that help them identify the most appropriate SDOs for their standardization tasks. Such a service could assist projects in coping with standard fragmentation and avoiding overlaps.

Standardisation helps the end client to have complete knowledge of the equipment's lifespan, which increases dependability and enables servitisation (for example, leasing) towards machine resale. The standardisation criteria that are described by RECLAIM centre on two key subjects: (1) maintenance procedures and predictive maintenance, together with (2) specifications and design for remanufacturing.

The standards that are proposed by RECLAIM are the "CWA 17492:2020-Predictive control and maintenance of data intensive industrial processes" standard, which focuses on predictive maintenance, defines machine learning / deep learning techniques for predicting process and equipment drifts, thereby providing recommendations on when to perform maintenance and the state of the machine. A set of key performance indicators is defined in "EN 15341:2019-Maintenance-Maintenance Key Performance Indicators" to quantify and improve the efficacy, efficiency, and sustainability of maintenance actions for physical assets. “prEN 17485-Maintenance-Maintenance within physical asset management-Framework for improving the value of the physical assets through their whole life cycle” and “EN16646:2015-Maintenance-Maintenance within physical asset management” introduce the physical asset management and address the role and importance of maintenance within physical asset management system during the whole life cycle of an item. The maintenance process is depicted by all the characteristics and steps of the stated processes in "EN 17007:2018-Maintenance process and associated indicator," along with the construction of a maintenance model that provides instructions for defining indicators. This is a crucial step in standardising the entire maintenance procedure. By doing so, all the maintained equipment will be comparable to one another, allowing lifetime extension tactics to be eventually more accurate in their analysis. The "ANSI RIC001.1-2016-Specifications for The Process of Remanufacturing" standard, which focuses on the definition of remanufacturing and clearly distinguishes it from other activities, is one that addresses remanufacturing standards. Additionally, it offers a benchmark, specification, and characterisation of the remanufacturing process.

The CircThread project has carried out several standardization activities including a review of existing standards to gain a comprehensive understanding of current state-of-the-art knowledge and identify any gaps that need to be addressed. Technical committees (TCs) were engaged to access the relevant standards. Identifying standards that have a direct link to the project, including EN 45552 to EN 45558, ISO 26000:2010, IEC 62474, ISO 14040, ISO 14044, the ISO 14020:2016 to ISO 14025:2010 series, and ISO 14051:2011; Establishing liaisons with TCs to facilitate direct information exchange and collaboration.

By providing detailed information about the products, the project will enable a overall life cycle management for electronic devices . The scope of the standardization project must be clearly communicated to all partners involved. This should include information on the expected time and cost investment . It is important that all partners are made aware of their potential contributions to the standardization process, and how beneficial it is to the project. This is particularly important when it comes to developing a pre-standard, such as a CWA, and actively participating in TCs. To disseminate this information, webinars or the wiki pages of National Standards Bodies (NSBs) or SDOs can be used as resources. In many projects, the time available may not be sufficient to develop a full standard. However, it is still possible to create a pre-standard specification, such as a CWA, which can be developed and published within about 10 months. This pre-standard can then be further developed into a full standard at a later date. CWAs help to disseminate the results of the project and should be actively promoted among the consortium partners. Furthermore, working with an SDO or NSB will help to keep the project up to date with current standardization activities and enables project inputs into the standardization community. It is important for the project team to consider the possibility of creating a pre-standard as a way to disseminate the outcome of the project and make it available for the industry to adopt.