The EFPF project has undertaken standardization activities during its implementation in order to promote interoperability and support the development of new standards. Some of the specific standardization activities that were developed include drafting of documents for the CWA (common workshop agreement) 'European connected factory platform for agile manufacturing interoperability (EFPFInterOp)', which are listed in a dedicated project deliverable. The project did not encounter any significant risks or difficulties related to standardization activities, as the NSB (project partner) applied sound risk management and provided clear guidance on how to mitigate any potential risks. 

After the project's completion, the partners will continue to promote the CWA and the standard way of establishing federated platforms. Additionally, the project has produced deliverables such as the CWAs developed by the CEN-CENELEC workshop EFPFInterOp. 

To strengthen the links between research, innovation, and standardization in the future, it is important to raise awareness of existing standards. This can be done by making more people aware of the standards that are currently in place and reminding them that the standardization process is ongoing. Additionally, encouraging more collaborations between research, innovation and standardization organizations in order to promote research and innovation in a standard-compliant way can also be beneficial.

The project has shown how to integrate the architectural features of several platforms, and how to facilitate cross-platform business activities. The interoperable Data Spine is already constructed and will shortly be verified. By offering tools for data sharing, intelligence exchange, and process optimisation, the project increases the agility of the targeted value networks. A comprehensive federated platform is created by combining the traits of current platforms. Using the open-call mechanism, The Data Spine gives the federated platform an extensible component that enables the integration of other platforms and collaborative tools to be provided through a unified user experience. An ideal alignment between the EFPF tools and relevant standards is made possible by participation in standardisation committees developing standards for strategic areas, but it must be continually evaluated and updated. By participating in strategic standardisation groups, EFPF becomes more visible to important stakeholders and has easier access to information that is directly relevant to the project. The idea of a CEN Workshop Agreement as a deliverable for standardisation has directly benefited EFPF as an ecosystem of digital platforms.

The mention of certification and standards in the call for proposals prompted the project to create standardisation as a specific activity as part of the WP on dissemination and exploitation from the very start. Some of the project partners had prior expertise with standardising and engagement with relevant TCs. However, overall standardising knowledge was limited. As a result, Deutsches Institut Fuer Normung E.V. (DIN) was involved in the project as an SDO to aid, training and to connect with TC 261 on AM. DIN was also in charge of developing a standards landscape to better understand what standards exist and where gaps need to be filled. According to the interviewed partners, for researchers with little experience in standardisation, it may be difficult to understand what is going on. In this case, it is vital to listen to and learn from Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) like DIN. Furthermore, if a researcher does not deal with standardisation, he or she may not actively seek training in it. Learning in practice is thus frequently in the form of learning on the job while carrying out projects. Finally, knowing standardisation also means knowing the ecosystem of stakeholders involved.

Liaisons have been formed with three TC 261 WGs during project implementation. Project members are permitted to contribute to WG meetings and participate in joint WGs. In addition to communicating with TC 261, DIN has been asked to establish connections with ongoing projects relating to design and data exchange. The project participants also received standardisation training from DIN. One particular issue arose was intellectual property protection. On one hand, open approaches are required for standardisation; on the other hand, protection is required. In this scenario, it is not so much about patents as it is about software (copyright) protection and possibly trade secrets. Two areas for developing standardisation activities are being investigated where there are gaps in standards. The first is related to digital technology, and the second is laser cladding, for which there is currently no standard.

The project has yet to produce standardised results such as CEN Workshop Agreement (CWAs). On a more positive note, the activities have resulted in the formation of new relationships, which will be useful for future standardisation and project efforts. As a result, these liaisons can be deemed a good output, even though there is still a long way to go towards a standard. There is a desire among project participants to have the opportunity to prolong the project with Horizon funding to account for the differences in timelines between standardisation processes and funded research and to allow enough resources for standardisation activities.

The project has developed a new method of joining metal alloys called electromagnetic pulse welding. This process uses electromagnetic forces to join work pieces, rather than heat. It does not require fluxes or shielding gases and produces no harmful smoke, fumes or slag, making it more environmentally friendly. The process is also considered less safety-critical than other joining techniques, making it more easily implementable in the industry. The project aimed to decrease the consumption of copper by partially substituting it with aluminium, with the goal of creating improved lightweight designs of copper-aluminium hybrid parts with further cost reduction and better performance. There are already standards that handle this issue, however they do not specifically include EMW but rather various welding techniques. Adaptation of these standards have been made for EMW. The process has been successfully demonstrated in three full demonstrators and the project partners are now exploring the possibility of applying the process to other multi-material joints including copper-steel and aluminium-steel alloys.

When the Lasimm project began in 2016, AM standards were in their early stages of development and particular standards for DED-Arc (also known as wire + arc AM) did not exist. Addressing the standards gap was a significant part of the project.

There was always a clear intention to contribute to the creation of AM-related standards from the proposal phase.  While no standards bodies were actively involved, the project partner European Welding Federation (EWF) serves as a liaison to many European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and ISO TCs. A 'Report on standardisation and pre-normative research (D6.2)' containing information on current AM standards was produced at the start of the project. Standards were established for each WP to guarantee that the project results met current standards at that time. This document served as the starting point for determining what gaps existed at the time and needed to be filled by standardisation actions throughout the project.  Lasimm partners ensured that project developments were recommended and subsequently integrated into new or under-development standards from the sixth to the 36th month. This alignment was accomplished through the standards bodies ISO, CEN, ASTM International, the American Welding Society, and the British Standards Institution. There was a strong emphasis on ISO and ASTM International, as these were the standardising bodies considered as most relevant by industry users.

The project primarily focused on AM standards and contributed to a total of 12 standards. The most notable of these were linked to D6.6:

• ISO/ASTM PWI 52926-1 Additive manufacturing – Qualification principles – Part 1: Qualification of machine operators for metallic parts production preliminary stage (00) (ISO/PWI stage),
• ISO/ASTM PWI 52926-5 Additive manufacturing – Qualification principles – Part 5: Qualification of machine operators for metallic parts production for DED-Arc preliminary stage (00) (ISO/PWI stage).

With regard to hybrid manufacturing (HM), the project contributed to the development of standards though technical reports and recommendations, the most notable being a recommendation to create a new liaison between ISO/TC 261 and ISO/TC 39 – Machine tools. This recommendation was made at an ISO/TC 261 plenary meeting in September 2019. ISO will assess the need and the resources available to develop standards in this area. Finally, a new ISO joint group was created with the aim of developing standards to qualify personnel involved in DED-Arc considering several materials and types of equipment used by industry.

The main standardisation outcomes of Lasimm led either to the creation of new joint CEN/ISO WGs or to preliminary work items, which ultimately led to the creation of new standards. Some of these outcomes were reached over the project's lifespan, while others were and will be suggested to various standardisation bodies as future work. In addition, a report titled "Standardisation recommendation document" (WP6, D6.6) was presented in the relevant Working Group (WG) and for Lasimm in the final (36th) month of the project, outlining the project's findings and contributions regarding standards that are being developed and potential new standards to be developed.

The GO0D MAN project is built upon the results and knowledge gained from earlier European R&D&I projects, including GRACE (http://grace-rri.eu). The experience from GRACE highlighted the importance and benefits of standardization, leading to the creation of separate standards working group (WP) in the GO0D MAN project with a methodology specifically designed to address the standardization issue. This methodology consisted of five main steps: Identifying standardization objectives, Surveying existing or anticipated standards, Aligning and mapping standards, Undertaking gap analysis, and Making recommendations. This methodology was applied to each of the five main topics: smart inspection tools, multi-agent systems, communication, data model and rules definition, and knowledge representation and data analysis.

The project determined that by addressing standardization during the early stages of R&D, the results could be made compliant with existing standards. However, gaps in existing standards were identified, and recommendations were made to address them. In particular, the project made contributions to the IEEE P2660.1 working group on recommended practices for the interconnection between software agents and physical devices within multi-agent systems, and to the IEEE P2805 standard for establishing standards for edge computing nodes. The GO0D MAN consortium is collaborating closely with the P2660.1 working group to define these recommendation practices.

At the end of the GO0D MAN project, a system architecture for Zero Defect Manufacturing (ZDM) has been developed that can be applied to multiple industries to improve the quality and productivity of production systems. Because the architecture is consistent with existing standards for automation, smart tools can be immediately implemented on commercial production lines. A startup company is now being established to bring this technology to market. The alignment with existing standards will likely speed up the update of products and the resulting growth and scalability of the company. Additionally, increased awareness of this new technology among industry adopters has led to changes in thinking, resulting in processes being adapted to implement the results. This adoption is expected to be faster and less risky due to the confirmed standards. The success of the standards aspect of the project has been in part due to making it a distinct task. However, it was recognized early on that attention to standards was necessary, indicating that compliance needs to be taken into consideration early in the R&D process. Focusing on standards is also beneficial for the R&D team and maybe a new approach. It is important to adopt a systematic approach but also to be realistic and plan for a timeline that may go beyond the duration of the R&D project. For example, developing a standard until its adoption can take up to 5 years, and it may not be under the control of the R&D team. If it is not practical to have a standards agency as a full partner in the project due to a large number of partners, involving experts associated with standards agencies will be beneficial in providing a direct and tangible link that will increase awareness and accelerate the adoption process.

The standardisation  made by QU4LITY were intended to assure proper development and support the growth of quality management and ZDM standards in particular, as well as other related clusters. This assignment is a component of work package 2's Autonomous Quality in ZDM: Vision and Specifications, which is tasked with examining the demands of stakeholders, the underlying platforms and technologies, as well as any necessary standards and interoperability requirements. The dissemination and standardisation contributions in WP9, which provide in-depth information on the current standardisation activities of the Standard Development and Standard Setting organisations, clusters, associations, and other relevant stakeholders, are completely aligned with the standardisation strategy and work in Task 2.4.  As the T2.4 leader, FHG made a significant contribution to the drafting of this Deliverable and was in charge of coordinating efforts pertaining to standards compliance, developing the T2.4 overall strategy, and coordinating and analysing the project's interoperability specification. Along with Task T9.2 experts, 

Task T2.4 coordinated this operation and exchanged the most recent findings from the standards research. Ultimately, Task 2.4 provided the following contributions to standardisation activities:
1. a set of ZDM specific requirements to verify standards compliance interoperability framework for industrial applications; as well as interoperability goals
2. standards compliance requirements on a ZDM Framework based on standards research regarding RAMI4.0 layers and classification of standards;
 

By the project's completion, QU4LITY pilots have complied with a total of 37 standards.

The project has a focus on standardization and aims to align with existing standards as much as possible in the development of the platform and the sharing of data and information. However, the project does not adhere to a specific standard or follow a strict standardization direction. Instead, the project collaborates with organizations that have experience in standardization, such as industry associations, like the European Factories of the Future Research Association (EFFRA). By working with these associations, the project can participate in standard-related working groups more easily, as opposed to the stricter rules and processes of SDOs. As part of the Digital Manufacturing Projects cluster under EFFRA, the project participates in CEN-CENELEC standardization workshops, including a workshop on ZDM terminology. The impact of the workshop on the project is expected to be minimal as ZDM is not directly related to the core goals of the project. Additionally, the project is involved in discussions about the emerging concept of product passports: it has provided input to the European Battery Association and the European Commission on the European Digital Product Passport. They also offered guidelines for circular economy dataspaces in a white paper for the Industrial Data Spaces Association and the OPEN DEI project.

Regarding standardization, the project anticipates that its efforts will result in contributions to the development of reference implementations for product passports and dataspaces for the circular economy. Additionally, the project expects to have an impact on the individual components of its digital platform that follow specific standards. By adhering to these standards, the project aims to improve the sustainability of the data on the platform, for example, in areas such as life cycle assessment and predictive asset management. Overall, these inputs on standardisation will help to improve the efficiency and interoperability of the developed digital platform. With respect to its standardization activities, the project has identified the following elements of good practice:
 

• Including an SDO in the consortium or, if not, a partner with strong connections to SDOs. This is crucial for successful standardization work, as it allows the project to work on the target standards in a focused and effective way and eliminates the need for extensive exploratory processes for understanding the relevant standardization processes and establishing the required connections;
• Focusing on a limited number of standards (e.g. one or two). This is essential for being effective given the limited standardization resources typically available in EU-funded projects.
• The project highlighted the importance of focused work on specific standards instead of trying to engage with too many standards and SDOs;
• Ensuring regular bilateral communication between the project and the SDO throughout the project's life cycle. This is important for addressing the challenges associated with aligning project timelines with the standardization process;
• Given the vast number of technology-related standards, projects would greatly benefit from services that help them identify the most appropriate SDOs for their standardization tasks. Such a service could assist projects in coping with standard fragmentation and avoiding overlaps.

Standardisation helps the end client to have complete knowledge of the equipment's lifespan, which increases dependability and enables servitisation (for example, leasing) towards machine resale. The standardisation criteria that are described by RECLAIM centre on two key subjects: (1) maintenance procedures and predictive maintenance, together with (2) specifications and design for remanufacturing.

The standards that are proposed by RECLAIM are the "CWA 17492:2020-Predictive control and maintenance of data intensive industrial processes" standard, which focuses on predictive maintenance, defines machine learning / deep learning techniques for predicting process and equipment drifts, thereby providing recommendations on when to perform maintenance and the state of the machine. A set of key

performance indicators is defined in "EN 15341:2019-Maintenance-Maintenance Key Performance Indicators" to quantify and improve the efficacy, efficiency, and sustainability of maintenance actions for physical assets. “prEN 17485-Maintenance-Maintenance within physical asset management-Framework for improving the value of the physical assets through their whole life cycle” and “EN16646:2015-Maintenance-Maintenance within physical asset management” introduce the physical asset management and address the role and importance of maintenance within physical asset management system during the whole life cycle of an item. The maintenance process is depicted by all the characteristics and steps of the stated processes in "EN 17007:2018-Maintenance process and associated indicator," along with the construction of a maintenance model that provides instructions for defining indicators. This is a crucial step in standardising the entire maintenance procedure. By doing so, all the maintained equipment will be comparable to one another, allowing lifetime extension tactics to be eventually more accurate in their analysis. The "ANSI RIC001.1-2016-Specifications for The Process of Remanufacturing" standard, which focuses on the definition of remanufacturing and clearly distinguishes it from other activities, is one that addresses remanufacturing standards. Additionally, it offers a benchmark, specification, and characterisation of the remanufacturing process.

The project is overviewing standards related with laser processes to boost and empower the adoption of laser-based manufacturing among the European Industry.

An analysis of the standardisation landscape and recommendations were developed to ensure processing of materials with the inclusion of nanoparticles, having in account the important aspect of health and safety with nanoparticles.

The RE4DY project addresses standardization from the perspective of interoperability among data formats and protocols, along with enabling the scalability and flexibility of data systems. 

The standardisation work combines the topics of AI and energy efficiency, being focused on the development of the recommendations of standardisation for these fields.

The CircThread project has carried out several standardization activities including a review of existing standards to gain a comprehensive understanding of current state-of-the-art knowledge and identify any gaps that need to be addressed. Technical committees (TCs) were engaged to access the relevant standards. Identifying standards that have a direct link to the project, including EN 45552 to EN 45558, ISO 26000:2010, IEC 62474, ISO 14040, ISO 14044, the ISO 14020:2016 to ISO 14025:2010 series, and ISO 14051:2011; Establishing liaisons with TCs to facilitate direct information exchange and collaboration.

By providing detailed information about the products, the project will enable a overall life cycle management for electronic devices . The scope of the standardization project must be clearly communicated to all partners involved. This should include information on the expected time and cost investment . It is important that all partners are made aware of their potential contributions to the standardization process, and how beneficial it is to the project. This is particularly important when it comes to developing a pre-standard, such as a CWA, and actively participating in TCs. To disseminate this information, webinars or the wiki pages of National Standards Bodies (NSBs) or SDOs can be used as resources. In many projects, the time available may not be sufficient to develop a full standard. However, it is still possible to create a pre-standard specification, such as a CWA, which can be developed and published within about 10 months. This pre-standard can then be further developed into a full standard at a later date. CWAs help to disseminate the results of the project and should be actively promoted among the consortium partners. Furthermore, working with an SDO or NSB will help to keep the project up to date with current standardization activities and enables project inputs into the standardization community. It is important for the project team to consider the possibility of creating a pre-standard as a way to disseminate the outcome of the project and make it available for the industry to adopt.

A standardisation assessment of standards related with Battery Management Systems (BMS), performance testing and inspection and joining systems is being taken to prepare the future of standardisationf for EV vehicles.

HSbooster.eu draws from the positive and practical experience of the H2020 CSA StandICT.eu and two previous Boosters (Common Dissemination Booster, CDB & Horizon Results Booster, HRB).   HSbooster.eu offers the following:

a) Design and implement an effective range of Automated, Proactive, and Premium Services to boost standardisation results from European-led initiatives;
b) Launch & manage a robust and efficient Facility to serve 1,000+ R&I projects over 24 months, also owing to an External Pool of Experts to support the Premium Services delivered;
c) Deliver a Training Academy of next generation of standardisation experts;
d) Enjoy steering from an authoritative Expert Advisory Group, tapping directly into the WGs & TCs of SDOs, tackling EU priorities, challenges & gaps.

The activities of standardisation will be directly linked to the Digital laser Certification (DILACERT), with the activities being related with the definition of on-line monitoring and a qualification and certification scheme for laser factories, processes, and complex parts.  Tests will be conducted to DILACERT to prepare for standardisation. 

The FLASH project will develop the next generation of laser machining by integrating three laser sources and three beam delivery heads in a single laser module, incorporating dynamic beam shaping and in-process monitoring and control. The standardization will most likely focus on the beam shaping features, optics and photonics, robotics, life cycle assessment, among others.

The R3-MYDAS project is focused on the remanufacturing, repurposing, and recycling of energy goods through advanced Mechatronic and Digital Technologies. The standardization will focus on the assessment of gear geometry and load distribution, lasers and laser-related equipment, metallurgical specifications for steel gearing, test methods for laser beam power characteristics, robotics, among others.

Edu4Standards.eu specifies standardization skills needed in the EU, analyzing the fragmented teaching landscape and its gaps, and developing an Innovative Teaching Concept on Standardardisation (ITCoS) suitable for various study contexts and specifically considering digital, green, and social aspects.

STAN4SWAP proposes to develop a robust standardization roadmap towards boosting innovation to market for swappable Battery Systems for L-cat vehicles deployment as a major contribution to safe, secure, resources and environmental friendly and interoperable decarbonization solution of the Mobility-Transport sector. 

The objectives of STAN4SWAP are: 

1. Identification of needs for Pre-Normative Research work in the context of swappable battery systems for Light-categories of mobility and transportation. 
2. Prioritizing standardization activities towards supporting the deployment of a swappable Battery Systems for L-cat vehicles, as a major contribution to safe, secure, resources and environmentally friendly and interoperable decarbonization solution. 
3. Increasing stakeholders’ engagement, establishing an active dialogue between the standardization community, industry and research. 
4. Educating and raising awareness about the role of standardization in supporting the decarbonization of mobility and transportation ecosystem

Project’s contribution to standardization consists of: 

• Mapping the landscape of IS-related standardisation to identify specific bottlenecks, gaps and opportunities for standardisation to advance the mainstream adoption of priority synergies. 
• Strengthening the uptake of R&I results to foster an adaptable environment for evidence-based and innovation-driven IS standardisation. 
• Developing new and contribute to the existing directions for IS standardisation promoting circularity of resources and make recommendations for the development of new standards. 
• Increasing stakeholders’ engagement, establishing an active dialogue between the standardisation community and IS practitioners via Hubs for Circularity Community of Practice and discuss the needs and challenges for bringing new technologies and innovative solutions to the market.

The project is compiling best practices in Aerospace & Defense to produce a qualification of personnel which has in consideration standards from the defense sector. 

The TwinGoals project relates to standardization as the main application of the Digital Twins required the fusion of real and synthetic data that allowed systems to generate data models that could minimize defects and achieve principles of the circular economy. Standardization, in this context, refers to the establishment of common protocols, formats, and interfaces that enable interoperability, consistency, and compatibility among digital twins and related technologies.